Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five, Billy Pilgrim...

In today’s world we question the problem of free will and it’s understanding. Is the nature of humanity characterized by the ability to chose for oneself or through our understanding of physical laws. Is there any room for individuality when and if the world operates under these fundamental laws or whether God has already created a â€Å"path† for us to follow? When this question comes up people tend to want to forget about it. Kurt Vonnegut abjects this illusion of free will in his novel by his use in ‘characters’ and having free will. In Slaughterhouse-five, Billy Pilgrim question the Tralfamadorians, â€Å"Why me?† Their response is simply, â€Å"†¦There is no why.† The Tralfamodorians exemplify the role of â€Å"the other† that marks free will as a distinctly a human characteristic. Billy use’s this as a means to cope with the reality that pain and suffering is a guarantee. Vonnegut repetition of the phrase  "So it goes† , supports that free will is question with no answer and desensitizes the major suffering and deaths throughout the novel. All of the events in his life were simply uncontrollable and he was able to travel throughout various events in his life easily. In Chapter One the narrator is speaking with movie-maker, Harrison Starr, about the book he plans to write about World War II. Starr, compares writing an anti-war book to writing an anti-glacier book. Harrison stated, ...Why don’t you write an anti-glacier book instead? This comparison is stating that we do not have freeShow MoreRelatedSlaughterhouse Five By Kurt Vonnegut1242 Words   |  5 PagesSlaughterhouse Five, a novel written by Kurt Vonnegut, depicts unchronological and sometimes nonsensical moments of the life of Billy Pilgrim as he â€Å"become[s] unstuck in time†(Vonnegut S. Five 23) Billy has no control over where he will end up next. â€Å"He has seen his birth and death many times, and he pays random visits to all the events in between†, and â€Å"is in a constant state of fright, ... because he never knows which part of his life he is going to have to act out next.†(Vonnegut S. Five 23)Read MoreSlaughterhouse Five And The Comforts Of Indifference By Barry Chabot2680 Words   |  11 Pagesthere is none. The story doesn’t morally make any sense, and thats the conclusion Vonnegut is trying to guide the reader towards. The literary criticism of ‘Slaughterhouse Five’ and the Comforts of Indifference, written by Barry Chabot is a critical essay that explores deeper into the meaning behind the eccentric story of Billy Pilgrim, and its creator Kurt Vonnegut. Billy Pilgrim’s indifference is an extension of Vonnegut attempting to come to terms with the violent nature of man. However this â€Å"comfort†Read MoreSlaughterhouse Five By Kurt Vonnegut1199 Words   |  5 Pagesbook, which was published in the middle of the twentieth century, Slaughterhouse-Five, by Kurt Vonnegut, is able to show the various possible results war can have on a person’s mind. In the novel Slaughterhouse-Five, Vonnegut is effectively able to portray the psychological effects of war through Billy Pilgrim and his fantasies, his indifference, and his alienation because of Vonnegut’s own personal experiences in war. Billy Pilgrim creates different fantasies after his experiences in Dresden. TheseRead MoreBilly Pilgrim By Kurt Vonnegut1376 Words   |  6 PagesThis book was written by Kurt Vonnegut, the main character in this story is Billy Pilgrim. We know who Billy Pilgrim is, but let’s talk about his character identity. Billy is the primary character of Slaughterhouse-Five, of course he is not precisely the holy person of the book. Then again rather, he doesn t have the gallant qualities routinely related to the most warriors in the midst of a story concerning time of time. Billy may be an interesting looking practice understudy once he gets composedRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five By Kurt Vonnegut1050 Words   |  5 PagesWorthington AP ELA 4 30 November 2014 Free Will Through his novel, Slaughterhouse Five, Kurt Vonnegut poses an ancient question: Are we masters of our destiny, or are we simply pawns of fate? The medium through which Mr. Vonnegut presents this riddle is death. Death is the central point to which all action in the book connects. The story is primarily about the death of 135,000 German civilians in the bombing of Dresden narrated by Billy Pilgrim, a man who experiences death from every viewpoint, a man whoRead MorePoststructuralist Analysis Of Slaughterhouse-Five. Poststructuralism1603 Words   |  7 PagesPoststructuralist Analysis of Slaughterhouse-Five Poststructuralism is a form of psychoanalytic theory. It is the study of the natural development of the psyche to structure. In this critical analysis, Lacanianism will be the focus. â€Å" Lacan’s psychoanalytic work is often evoked to explain how power works, why the individual - the subject - is so extraordinarily susceptible to power† (Bertens, 161). What this form of poststructuralist psychoanalysis can do is explain someone’s behavior by deconstructingRead MoreThe Slaughterhouse Five Novel By Kurt Vonnegut1366 Words   |  6 Pages The Slaughterhouse Five novel, is a fictional and nonfictional delight all clashed into one. The author, Kurt Vonnegut, amazingly combines a fictional character’s life with the nonfictional influence of what Kurt himself had experienced. As well as major topics being debated on and dealt with today. Billy Pilgrim takes hold of the story’s main protagonist as a prisoner of war during the Dresden raids in eastern Germany. While reading, I found many relationships in the novel to common concerns, suchRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five By Kurt Vonnegut1458 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the novel Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut Barry Sadler singer of the song Ballad of the Green Beret and novelist Kurt Vonnegut maintain comparable tones regarding their literature pieces representing the war and the underlying image that is portrayed by the Green Beret. Sadler insightfully states that the impacts that committed soldiers fought through and the sacrifices their families had endured: represents honor, courage, and is described as jingoistic. It is an exceptionallyRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five By Kurt Vonnegut1154 Words   |  5 PagesTaylor Holmes In the novel Slaughterhouse Five, Kurt Vonnegut presents a framed narrative voiced through an unreliable narrator that stimulates the presence of universal and empirical truths. (Introducton?) The juxtaposition of predestination with the exercise of free will is an age-old question. In the pagan world, prior to the upsurge of Western development and Christianity, predestination was deemed a truth; pagan gods were superlative and dictated the lives and fates of subordinate humans. AroundRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Slaughterhouse Five1442 Words   |  6 Pageshelped me to be able to vividly imagine what the leftovers of war might look like if I were actually there. The word slaughterhouse is mentioned in this sentence which leads me to believe that the things mentioned in this sentence may foreshadow the events leading up to one of the main topics of this book, where it takes place, and why it might have been named Slaughterhouse Five. I completely agree with this phrase in the book because wars are almost impossible to stop or avoid for many reasons

Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy - 1846 Words

One of America notious serial killer is John Wayne Gacy also known as the clown man . John Wayne was born on March 17, 1942 in , Chicago ,illnois. he is son ofMarion Elaine Robinson and John Stanley Gacy. John is the only boy and he is the second oldest out three kids. He is of polish and Danish heritage Gacy and his siblings grew up with a drunken father who would beat the children with a razor strap if they would misbehave. He came from a middle class family . at the age of 11 john suffered from a a head blow caused him to have intermittent blackouts until he was 16. As child john was overweight and unathletic . At school he suffered from isolation, unable to play sports due to hart conditions. Gacy later realized he was attracted to men After attend four high schools , jonh drop out of high dchool right before his senior year.He graduated from Northwestern Business College and start to as shoe salesmen. In September 1964, Gacy met and married co-worker Marlynn Myers. Whose family owned a KFC in Waterloo, Iowa and began to work there as Manager. Marlynn gave birth to two children, a son named Michael was born in March 1967, followed by a daughter named Christine in September 1968.HE became active in local Springfield organizations, joining the Jaycees and rising to vice-president of the Springfield chapter by 1965. Well-liked in his community and a clown performer at children s parties, Gacy also organized cultural gatherings Gacy opened a â€Å"club†Show MoreRelatedSerial Killers, Ted Bundy And John Wayne Gacy1588 Words   |  7 PagesKEISER UNIVERSITY Killer Stories H.H. Holmes, â€Å"Ted† Bundy John Wayne Gacy Faraz Garcia 10/16/2017 â€Æ' Abstract When you tell children scary stories they shouldn’t be able to come true but unfortunately for the people victimized by the vicious killers in this paper those horror stories did come true. Traveling and staying in a â€Å"Hotel† owned by a wealthy â€Å"doctor† got them tortured, experimented on and ultimately killed, helping a seemingly helpless man put things in his vehicle lead themRead MoreEssay about John Wayne Gacy: Serial Killer610 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Wayne Gacy in his early years was shown to have a minor biological impairment. At the age of 11, Gacy was playing near a swing set and was hit in the head causing an accidental blood clot in the brain. The blood clot was not discovered until he was 16 years old and he suffered from blackouts from the clot from the ages of 11 until it was discovered. There was a brain blockage that medications were able to dissolve. Gacy also had a series of health problems that kept him hospitalized for a significant Read MoreInfamous serial killer, John Wayne Gacy, was born on March 17, 1942, in Chicago, Illinois. Gacy,500 Words   |  2 Pages Infamous serial killer, John Wayne Gacy, was born on March 17, 1942, in Chicago, Illinois. Gacy, born into an abusive environment, was assaulted physically along with his siblings, with a razor strap if they were perceived to have misbehaved by their alcoholic father. In addition, Gacy’s mother was physically abused as well throughout her marriage and during the children’s upbringing. During John Wayne Gacy’s childhood education, he suffered further alienation due to a congenital heart conditionRead MoreTheories Of John Wayne Gacy1313 Words   |  6 Pagesdeviant ways. Serial killers such as John Wayne Gacy fall into some of the theories of deviance. The theories John Wayne Gacy falls into are the control theory and the antisocial personality disorder theory. John Wayne Gacy was born on March 17, 1942. He grew up in a Roman Catholic family. When Gacy was young he had an abusive father. His father would psychologically and physically abuse him. Gacy dropped out of highschool but later on went to college and graduated from business college. Gacy was alsoRead MoreIdentifiable Criminal Behavior : Modus Operandi And Signature964 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestigator. Serial offenders often prefect their Modus Operandi they evolve from their mistake the further they go along, in other words they grow in their craft (as horrible as that is) when they get away with the crimes being committed. â€Å"Every criminal makes mistakes, but most learn from them and try to get better with time† (Douglas E. J., Douglas K. L, n.d). Serial killers are killers are murders who have killed more than one time they usually killing for psychological gratification. â€Å"Serial killingRead MoreSerial Killers And Murderers : How Can You Tell A Normal Person?844 Words   |  4 Pages2016 Serial Killers and Murderers How can you tell a normal person from a person who is chemically imbalanced? When you are walking in a crowd, do you ever wonder what is going on through these people’s minds? Who are they? Have they ever killed anyone? This is what we are going to talk about, the mind of a murderer. There are many types of murderers. There are mass murderers, spree killers, and serial killers. A mass murderer kills multiple people at one time in one place. A spree killer killsRead MoreSerial Killers: Are They Born Or Made?. There Are Multiple1230 Words   |  5 PagesSerial Killers: Are They Born or Made? There are multiple theories as to why or how a person can become a serial killer. A serial killer can be a person who murders at least three or more people over a long period of time (Ramsland). Are serial killers born with the need to kill or is it a result of a horrific childhood? These two concepts are associated with the nature vs. nurture theory. â€Å"People on the side of nurture are of the opinion that our environment determines who a person is and becomes†Read MoreEssay On The Killer Gangster1676 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Criminal Case Facts John Wayne Gacy, also known as â€Å"the Killer Clown,† was 36 years old and living in Des Plaines, Illinois when he was apprehended by police in 1978. By then, Gacy had murdered 33 young men and boys. He was originally arrested on a drug charge, when further investigation of his home, due to the connection that he had to several missing young men, revealed to investigators the horrible contents of the crawlspace underneath his home (Crime Stories, 1999). He was thenRead MoreSerial Killers And The Serial Killer1080 Words   |  5 Pageshelp? This was the technique one of the most infamous serial killer Ted Bundy used to approach his victims and ultimately murder them. B. Background and Audience Relevance: Today, I will be speaking to you about serial killers. C. Speaker Credibility: I decided to do my topic on serial killers because, criminology is something I’m genuinely interested in and would like to learn more about it myself. D. Thesis: By learning about serial killers, hopefully in the future they can be captured fasterRead MoreSerial Killers Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesSerial Killers Behavior is sometimes defined as the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment. Parents, girlfriends, sisters, brothers, and peers can all affect a persons behavior. Not everybody necessarily will have the behavior of a serial killer. In this paper, I will attempt to show the difference between the psychopath and the psychotic. Explain how the environment, upbringing, and treatment of serial killers led them to become who they are today. Most serial

Criteria of Abnormality free essay sample

Jihads (1958) criteria for ideal mental health an individual should be in touch with their own identity, resistant to stress, be focused on the true and have an accurate perception of reality. The legal definition of abnormality declares a person Insane when he Is not able to judge between right and wrong, but this cerebellum Is not used by psychologists The following criteria are used to determine whether a persons behavior is abnormal or not: Several conventional criteria * The standard criteria in psychology and psychiatry are that of mental illness or mental disorder.Determination of abnormality Is based upon medical diagnosis. This is often criticized for removing control from the patient, and being easily manipulated by political or social goals. Statistical Infrequency In this definition of abnormality behaviors which are seen as statistically rare are said to be abnormal. For instance, one may say that an individual of above or below average IQ is abnormal. This definition, however, fails to recognize the desirability of the particular Incidence.This deflation also Implies that the presence of abnormal behavior in people should be rare or statistically unusual, which is not the case. Instead, any specific abnormal behavior may be unusual, but it is not unusual for people to exhibit some form of prolonged abnormal behavior at some point in their ivies 1 * Deviation from Social Norms; It defines the departure or deviation of an individual, from societys unwritten rules (norms).For example if one was to witness a man jumping around, nude, on the streets, the man would be perceived as abnormal, as he has broken societys norms about wearing clothing, not to mention ones self dignity. There are also a number of criteria for one to examine before reaching a Judgment as to whether someone has deviated from societys norms. The first of these criterion being culture; what may be seen as normal in one culture, may be seen as abnormal in another.T he second retention being the situation context one Is placed In; for example, going to the toilet Is a normal human act, but going in the middle of a supermarket would be seen as highly abnormal, I. E. , defecating or urinating in public is illegal as a misdemeanors act of indecent public conduct. The third criterion is age; a child at the age of three I OFF twenty. The fourth criterion is gender: a male responding with behavior normally reacted to as female, and vice versa, is retaliated against, not Just corrected.The fifth criterion is historical context; standards of normal behavior change in some societies, sometimes very rapidly. A substantial deviation from social norms or expected standards of conduct. Every society has a set of commonly accepted rules and standards of behavior. Some of these are explicit and legally binding (e. G stealing/ murdering etc. ) and some are implicit but not legally binding (e. G. Queuing etc. ) behavior that deviates from that standard is considered to be abnormal behavior. But those standards can change with time and vary from one society to another. This basically means that behavior is considered ;normal if the majority considers the behavior acceptable. * IF: The Failure to Function Adequately Definition of abnormality defines whether or not a behavior is abnormal if it is counter-productive to the individual. The main problem with this definition however is that psychologists cannot agree on the boundaries that define what is functioning and what is adequately, as some behaviors that can cause failure to function are not seen as bad I. E. Firemen risking their lives to save people in a blazing fire.DIM: Deviation from Ideal Mental health It defines abnormality by determining if the behavior the individual is displaying is affecting their mental well-being. As with the Failure to Function definition, the mandarins that stipulate what ideal mental health is are not properly defined, and the bigger problem with the definition is that all individuals will at some point in their life deviate from ideal mental health, but it does n ot mean they are abnormal; I. E. , someone who has lost a relative will be distressed, but would not be defined as abnormal for showing that particular behavior.On the contrary, there are some indications that some people require assistance to grieve properly Maledictions of behavior This criteria is how the behavior affects the well-being of the individual and/or social roof. Behavior that is out of control or interfering with normal social or occupational functioning This definition suggests that failing to cope with everyday life (washing, getting out of bed, eating, generally taking care of ones self) is an indication of psychopathology.Society has a collective opinion on how others should lead their lives. Behavior that is dangerous to oneself or to others Examples are a man who attempts suicide, an alcoholic who drinks so heavily that he or she cannot keep a Job or a paranoid individual who tries to assassinate national leaders. Personal distress; This criterion considers abnormality in terms of the indivi duals subjective feelings, personal distress, rather than his behavior. Most people diagnosed as mentally ill feel miserable, anxious, depressed and may suffer from insomnia. In the type of abnormality called neurosis, personal distress may be the only symptom, because the individuals behavior seems normal. Unhappiness, anxiety, depression, etc. A common approach to defining abnormality is a Multi-criteria approach, where all definitions of abnormality are used to determine whether an individuals behavior is abnormal.

Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents Essay Example

Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents Essay Human Kinds Ultimate Struggle According to Sigmund Freud’s essay, Civilization and Its Discontents, human kind has been confronted by many different struggles. Although these struggles do come in many shapes and sizes, there is one that stands out from the rest. This main struggle makes itself known through human kind’s everlasting conflict concerning instinct and aggression. This conflict has been made apparent through Freud’s timely argument that human kind’s primal instinct is to act aggressively towards one another. Freud made the observation that this aggressiveness would one day lead to human kind’s ultimate conflict, the demise of civilization. Freud makes his point very clear when he writes of instinct and aggression. This point is exemplified when Freud says that it is natural for human beings to be so aggressive towards one another that it will eventually lead to their downfall. Freud uses primitive society as an example when he says that the leader of the family felt no guilt in spreading and expressing his aggression towards his own family. This paints a deeper picture for the reader, what Freud is basically saying is that this leader can just as easily be the leader of a society, instead of expressing his instinctual rage upon his family, it would be just as easily expressed upon society as a whole. Freud further backs up his statement by saying that humans originally entered society in order to shun the aggressive aspects of life; however in time people began to feel unhappy and guilty because their instincts were not being fulfilled. According to Freud this would make them rebel against the civilization that they created. We will write a custom essay sample on Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This rebellion would be built upon the irony that humans created a civilization to escape the aggressive instincts that consume them, but in the end the rebellion caused them to be filled with an aggression that is even more dangerous than that which they started with. Freud illustrates this point when he says, â€Å"In all that follows I adopt the standpoint, therefore, that the inclination to aggression is an original, self-subsisting instinctual disposition in man, and I return to my view that it constitutes the greatest impediment to civilization (p. 1). Freud then further backs his point as he says â€Å"In consequence of this primary mutual hostility of human beings, civilized society is perpetually threatened with disintegration (p. 69). Both of these quotes exemplify the heart of Freud’s argument. I believe Freud is correct in his assessment that human kind’s ultimate conflict is the instinctual aggressiveness that we inherit at birth. Freud’s argument is very logical, especially in his example, which shows how humans suppress their instinctual traits so much that after a certain amount of time, those traits resurface at a greater strength. Another element that convinced me to take Freud’s side was his excerpt on how civilization was formed to manage the instinctual aggressiveness, but as unhappiness spread and rebellions occurred, the aggressiveness that was meant to be extinguished returned, but this time alongside of rage. All of these elements combined allow me to safely say that I agree with Freud about this conflict. It is said that as long as there is competition and new ideas, conflict will always live. With this in mind, it is safe to assume that conflict is instinctual. There are many conflicts that plague human kind; however Freud has proved, through his essay, Civilization and It’s Discontents, that as long as human kind carries the instinctual aggressiveness, civilization will always be in danger.

Black Slang Essay Example

Black Slang Essay Example Black Slang Paper Black Slang Paper Cameron White Writing 1 Section 30 11/8/10 Mellissa Fabros Ebonics and its Handicap on Society In today’s African American community, many speak and use a different form of â€Å"standard† English. Ebonics is a form of English that was established by the early US slaves in search of a reliable means of communication. During slavery, there were laws which mandated that any person caught teaching a slave to read or write could be fined and/or put in jail. This left them to fend for themselves and create their own form of communication. As time has progressed, the Black slag, known as Ebonics, is recognized by many as a less sophisticated form of English. From a linguistics stand point, the use of this slang leads to a negative reflection on the people within the African American culture. And it should be noted, this can be said for any culture within a society’s norms for language. The use of Ebonics merely handicaps the African American society and limits their success and respectability among the educated world due to its negative connotations and perceptions. Discussions revolving around Ebonics, and other types of slag for the matter, seem to evoke much emotion in people- and let’s face it, there are pros and cons on both sides of the debate. For the purposes of this paper, an emphasis is placed on the cons of the use of such slag. â€Å"The term Ebonics (a blend of ebony and phonics) gained recognition in 1996 as a result of the Oakland School Board’s use of the term in its proposal to use African American English in teaching Standard English in the Oakland Schools. The term was coined by Robert Williams in 1973, but it wasn’t until the Ebonics controversy that Ebonics became widely used. Most linguists prefer the term African American English as it aligns the variety with regional, national, and sociocultural varieties of English such as British English, Southern English, Cajun English, and so forth† ( cal. org/topics/dialects/aae. html, November 7, 2010). According to Garrard McClendon, author of book entitled â€Å"ax or ask? † this is a critical issue facing today’s black youth, leaving them unable to infiltrate the professional arena. Formal written and spoken modern English, and the African American slang share the majority of the same root words but differ in the pronunciation as well as many words in general. Although it is technically the same language, the understanding of Ebonics does not equate to formal English in most cases. Leon Todd, A successful African American business owner, stated the following, â€Å"†¦Ã‚  standard English determines ones career success and failure. † In order to obtain a successful career in the educated word it is necessary to practice the correct form of modern English. The majority of the black youth is grown up speaking this form of slang on a day to day basis. Children growing up around this slag terminology and vulgar terms, make it extremely hard on the African American youth of this era to make the transition from one of informal language to the standard English of the educated world. In this day and age this transition is not made priority in the homes of these African Americans. An African American individual who speaks the formal English language has countless opportunities in the educated world. In contrast, Blacks who speak the form of language known as Ebonics are mostly limited to bottom-tier careers and most cases, poverty. It is vital for this transition to be made mandatory in every house hold in the Black community. Ebonics has become prevalent in main stream media. Lately, this form of English has influenced the music business in rap and pop songs. The Hip Hop Industry has become one of the most widespread and effective promoters of this form of speech. This has become a heated issue with in the black community. While the Black youth idolizes these rappers, they are merely crippling the youth’s ability to achieve their fullest potential in the intellectual society of America. These children listen to the music and are inclined to speak like the songs they hear on the radio. As this defected language continues to thrive in the world of hip hop, similar language habits are spread among the population. The recent uprising in the African American upper class can be explained by their understanding of the formal English language and willingness to adapt to the education American population. Recently we have witnessed the first black president in the US. As he speaks out to the millions of listeners nationwide he uses his precise language to move his ideas to the argument he is trying to convey. Barack Obama uses the Standard English language to appeal to the sophisticated world in America. When comparing a person of African descent using the Black English to one who is using the formal form of English a clear line is drawn. This line makes a clear distinction between the upper class and the lower class. Speakers of Ebonics do not receive the respect in formal atmospheres as those who speak the traditional forms of English. Almost all major industries are built around the standard form of English. The justice system is just one example. For example, a black American speaking formal English to a judge will typically get a much better response then one using a strong Ebonics dialect. This may cause controversy among the black community but it is a reality. This is why you don’t see many lawyers using the word â€Å"nigga† or â€Å"dog†. The situation may even sound comical to the everyday person. However, the impact this defective language has on the African American society is far from comical; it limits their overall ability to success in certain atmospheres. Although the language seems to hold back the African American population, positive reflection on the history of the dialect conveys a different message. The creation of Ebonics is somewhat praised in the black community for how it was established. The early slaves of this country accomplished a great feat by creating a way of communication amongst each other without any input from the English speakers of that time. In fact communication between the slaves was not allowed and even enforced violently by the slave owners. From this perspective, the African American population can stand proud of their ability to create an effective form of communication- but only for that purpose and time period. The simple fact is that the form of English an individual speaks categorizes them. One might say the dialect an individual speaks makes more of a sociological impact than the actual race of that person. This is an important fact when taking into consideration an individual’s means to success. However, I am not saying the entire dialect of Ebonics should be eradicated. There is a time and place for everything. For example, In the workplace it is necessary to use formal language, but in a casual environment, the use of black slang English may be appropriate. The Black society of America as a whole will take a giant leap forward toward success when they come to this realization. Ebonics is a wide spread dialect among the black community. Speakers of this dialect suffer consequences in the grand scheme of life- many of which impact their social status, limit career opportunities, and often present situations of poverty. Therefore the breakthrough of a new, even broader age of professional African Americans continues to be held back by the past influence of this slang dialect known as Ebonics. The African American population of today needs to stop and take initiative in appealing to the educated world through the eradication of their root slang and speaking the standard language of the professional world. Opportunities would become limitless to the African American Society as a whole in this country with the asset of a strong foundation of formal English.

Changi Beach Essay Example

Changi Beach Essay Example Changi Beach Essay Changi Beach Essay Changi Beach is one of the longest natural beaches in the north-eastern part of Singapore. The northern part of the beach is extended as a spit, a landform of coastal deposition. Spits are accumulations of beach material which result from longshore drift. Longshore drift is a process which causes beach material to move in a down-drift direction, due to waves approaching the beach at an oblique angle. This causes the swash to carry material in the direction of longshore drift, the process continuing such that material is transported along the beach. In the case of the spit at Changi Beach, longshore drift occurs in the north-west direction (refer to figure 1 and 2). Figure 3 illustrates the oblique angle at which the waves approach the beach. This study aims to examine the development of the beach profile, with focus on the amount of beach material along the spit in the direction of longshore drift. While most studies would consider longshore drift along a beach, this study differs slightly as the beach face on the spit itself, as a landform of deposition, is being investigated. The gradient and length of the beach face can be hypothesised to increase in the direction of longshore drift, as the amount of the beach material contributes to a steeper and longer beach face. The increase of beach material along the beach can then be deduced using the gradient and length. According to Bird (2008) on beach budgets, conventional methodology can be used in this way to calculate differences in amount of beach sediment along the beach by looking at the cross sectional area of a beach profile. This case study investigates the extent at which the hypothesis that the amount of material increases in the direction of longshore drift, is applicable to this spit. There may also be interesting findings on the amount of material in the area of the spit facing the channel leading to Changi Creek Reservoir. Even though such an investigation of how amount of sediment increases in the direction of longshore drift is seemingly tautological, according to Schwartz (2005) on longshore sediment transport, the phenomenon is regarded as â€Å"almost impossible to discern directly†¦ and viewing the whole beach face does not provide any clues†¦ only when transport rate changes along the shore, because of a barrier such as groin, does the beach change in a manner that can readily be detected.† As such, since preliminary analysis on-site seems to support the hypothesis that beach material does in fact accumulate in the direction of longshore drift, not only can this research examine the relationship of this concept of increase of beach material in relation to the gradient and length of the beach face, but also bring attention to a possibly unique situation on this particular depositional landform. Methodology The gradient and length of the beach face was measured at several transects each 20 metres apart along the spit, from the area facing open waters, to the tip of the spit to the area facing the river. For the approximate location of these transects, refer to figure 5. The data was collected within five hours around the time of low tide. At every two metres from the edge of the berm crest until one meter above the low tide level, the gradient of the slope was measured using two ranging poles and a clinometer (refer to figure 4). This procedure did not take into account breaks of slopes, which in the case of the beach face here, was negligible. The average of the values measured was calculated, deliberately leaving the value to 1 decimal place to analyse small differences along the spit, as the length of measurable area is short in comparison to other longer stretches of beach, and thus the difference in gradient is small between transects. This value is then taken to represent the overall gradient of the beach transect. The length of the beach face in metres was measured using a measuring tape from the berm crest to approximately one metre above the low tide level. The value was rounded off to the nearest 1 decimal place. Results and analysis The gradients of transects each 20 metres apart are shown in figure 5. On the figure is also marked three areas on the beach, A to represent the area facing open water, B to represent the tip of the spit, and C to represent the area facing the channel. It can be seen that the gradient seems to increase generally in the direction of longshore, ignoring certain anomalies due to the small distance on which data is collected. It can also be observed that the part of the spit with the steepest gradient is at the curve of the spit facing the prevailing wind direction. This implies that longshore drift predominantly occurs at the stretch of beach facing the open sea. Refer to figure 6 for the lengths of the beach face taken to approximately a metre above the low tide level. It can be said that the increase in length along section A of the spit is comparatively more obvious than the increase in gradient angle, the values having fewer anomalies. It can be said generally that the length of the beach face can be seen as possibly more reliable a gauge of the direction of longshore drift than the beach gradient. Unlike the gradient of the beach, the longest beach faces can be found on the tip of the spit at section B. These two values of gradient and length of the beach face can be used to mathematically calculate the cross-sectional area of each transect. While the resultant values may not be completely accurate, and the base of the cross-section is more or less arbitrary, and follows the mark used for measuring the length, observations can be made based on the differences between the values. Representing the gradient of the slope as     and the length of the beach as   , the formula for calculating the cross sectional area is as follows (refer to figure 7): The formula     gives the vertical height, represented on figure 7 as   , and     gives the horizontal distance, represented as     The values were computed using MS Excel, refer to figure 8 for table. The values are represented on figure 9. It is by looking at the resultant values shown on figure 9 that the effect of longshore drift on the amount of sediment on the spit becomes immediately apparent. The individual values of gradient and length do not show as clearly the amount of sediment, as both depend on the deposition of material at different places on the beach face, i.e. generally a steep gradient is caused by more material further up the beach face, and a longer beach is caused by more material deposited lower down the beach. It is interesting to note how in certain transects, for example the sixth transect from the east in section A, an abnormally steeper gradient has a shorter beach face. Thus, the calculated cross-sectional area provides a good gauge to the gradual increase of beach material in the direction of longshore drift, rather than relying on the individual values for gradient and length. The amount of beach material peaks at the transect marked by a cross on figure 9, and starts to decrease at the tip of the spit. It can be deduced that material is transported along section A by the prevailing winds from the northeast to the tip of the spit facing the open sea. There is comparatively lesser beach material at section C of the spit. Facing a narrow channel which does not have much of an immediately observable current on its own, analysis can proceed with an assumption that the amount of material transported into the area by the channel further upstream is negligible. It can be said that the amount of beach material can be seen to be decreasing from section B to C. As longshore drift occurs primarily along the length of beach facing the open sea, only the curve of the spit nearer to section A receives the bulk of beach material. The tip of the spit at B seems to as a whole have more material than the other sections. The amount of beach material decreases along section C of the spit until the transect marked with a circle in figure 9. Following that, the presence of a manmade stone wall causes accumulation of sediment, thus both the gradient and length of the beach face increases (refer to figure 10). It is interesting to note that while this area is against the predominant direction of longshore drift, since longshore drift acts mainly on section A, the situation along section C is rather different. This channel of water can be characterised as mainly calm, as it does not receive the waves, situated away from the predominant directions of wind. Still, a small degree of longshore drift can be seen to occur, away from the assumed direction of longshore drift, which can now be concluded as applicable only in section A. Longshore drift at C occurs to a certain extent due to passing boats which create waves that approach the beach at many directions. A weak swash and backwash can be observed parallel to the beach when boats to not pass the channel. While the focus of most studies should be on natural waves, a certain degree of longshore drift does in fact occur at section C. In order to represent the actual situation at this section of the spit, human factors have to be taken into consideration. Refer to figure 11 and 12. Conclusion There are several limitations to this study. Firstly, as measurements to do with the length of the beach face was done as the tide was falling or rising, estimations had to be continually made for each transect as to how much the tide level had changed. Also, the lack of a long stretch of beach made it necessary to not disregard any small changes in beach gradient between transects, which would usually be considered negligible. Furthermore, the accuracy of the measurements may be hindered by a variety of factors such as human error when taking gradients, and measuring a transect that is not fully perpendicular to the berm crest. In this study, no concrete measurements were taken to form a complete picture of how the beach profile changes in the direction of longshore drift, and calculations were made only based on the beach face as a whole. Preliminary observation seems to suggest that the phenomenon of longshore drift has an effect on the location and length of the berm. Section A can be characterized by a marked, flat berm and a sudden slope at the storm beach, while the berm seems to be less obvious progressing in the direction of the tip of the spit; in section B the berm is steeper and the storm beach is longer (refer to figure 13 and 14). In fact, the lack of an actual berm in section C led to a small amount of confusion when taking the readings for the length of the beach face. Future research could consider the effect of longshore drift of the beach profile of the spit as a whole. It can also be said that the idea that both length and gradient of the beach increases in the direction of longshore drift is true, though to interpret it another way, it would be more of the case that, due to increase of material, the beach face is thus steeper and longer. In conclusion, though the effect of longshore drift on gradient and length is not always clear, but these factors, as well as the calculation of the cross sectional area based on the values; have been proven to be reliable in estimating the differences in amount of beach material. The hypothesis that beach material increase in the direction of longshore drift has been proven to occur on the coastal depositional feature of a spit. The amount of beach material increases along section A and accumulates at the tip of the spit. It is likely that with the continual process of longshore drifting, section A would continue to extend in the future. Further studies are required to fully understand whether the hypothesis of beach material increasing in the direction of longshore drift is in fact exclusive to spits, as highlighted in the introduction on the fact that change to the beach face in the direction of longshore drift is not normally observable. Possibly, this is a unique case where changes in the beach face are observable in the direction of longshore drift.

Business plane Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business plane - Term Paper Example For all the above, our company has decided to take the challenge and penetrate the art market and establish a strong foothold in the industry and gain a major market share of this highly profitable sector. â€Å"Our mission is to maintain our reputation as an energetic, outgoing and accessible art gallery in London that inspire, interest and sell art work to an increasingly diverse audience and collectors. Not only do we have classified ourselves as a gallery but also as a brand in selling out artwork and products. We aim to acquire, collect and present to our customer the finest works of art available on the market scene in a variety of media and concepts as well as supplying art materials to our customers.† â€Å"Our vision is to expand our business into promoting a strong arts education and arts appreciation for our customers, the general public and educational institutions with interest in art. We aim to develop and integrate our brand (XYZ) into a household name in the art market.† The primary research carried out over the past few months and this gave valuable insights into the information regarding the potential sales per month, operational plan and staffing requirements. Information was also gathered on the different prominent media through which advertising can be easily done to target the potential market segments. Laissez-Faire Buyers: Not all consumers who buy art are avidly devoted fans. A profile of customers tends to visit art galleries and exhibitions when they are easy to get to. These consumers, who tend to go to these social gatherings because they are close by, also tend to be frugal spenders which would imply a laissez-faire type of consumer who will visit out of convenience more than avid following. Urban Prosperity: A major target segment will be the Urban Prosperity group, consisting of a high

Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business strategy - Essay Example In case of Honda, the strategies of the company, in order to ensure its long term presence and remain profitable are increasing investments, market expansion, new product development as well as integrating technology for operational purpose. As a result of this, the company was able to increase its productivity (Berger, 2011). These choices paid off for the company to a great extent and it fostered Honda to strengthen its distribution network. Although the strategy helped the company to diversify its product line and expand business, the overall sales dropped marginally (Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2009). The figure above makes it clear that the Honda witnessed reduces sales volume for its full size cars, minis and trucks and buses, even after making the new strategic choice. One of the positive outcomes of this strategic choice for the company was that, it allowed them to create value for the stakeholders. Honda: Success as a Corporate Organization A shift in the strategic choice for the c ompany has allowed them to unearth new avenues and dimensions of business. The new strategic choice for the company also allowed them to diversify the product line and cater to overseas countries. However, the only negative outcome for pursuing this strategy is decreasing sales volume. The decreasing volume of sales was also becoming a cause of concern for the company and for that reason further investment in the field of research and development was not possible. Despite that Honda was able to position itself as a successful corporate citizen. With this approach, the company was able to make good market positions for them in the European as well in the US market. In the late 80s, the company succeeded to become the fourth largest car manufacturer in USA. One of the major drivers of success for the company was the decision of Honda to diversify product line into motor cycle, power equipments and automobiles. Moreover, this strategy also allowed the company to target different type o f customers and allowed them to operate in both B2B (Business to Business) and B2C (Business to Consumer) channels. The dealers of the company were also enthusiastic about the same and they supported the company which allowed the company to strengthen their financial status. Hence from the above discussion, it is obvious that Honda as a corporate organisation is successful to a great extent. International Choices of Honda International marketing is a buzzword and business houses around the world consider it as a way to survive in the market and experience growth. Migration, investments, reduced international trade barrier and well defined legal frameworks are the major drivers of international marketing. Moreover, conducting business in the international marketing also allow companies to cater to different customer segment. With large number of benefits, it is therefore necessary for a company to choose the most suitable mode of entry in the foreign soil. In the context of this stud y, Honda is also enthusiastic about making its presence in foreign countries. The principal intention of Honda towards making international expansion was to showcase their expertise in motorcycle design.

Why we use reflection Essay Example for Free

Why we use reflection Essay It is important that we use reflection in order to further develop our skills in practice. No matter which reflective cycle chosen it is important that you identify what has been learned from the experience, how it has helped, if it is negative, how to overcome the problem in the future, and how it relates to theory and knowledge you have been taught. Reflective practice has been identified as one of the key ways in which we learn from our experiences in practice (Jasper 2003). As a concept for learning, reflective practice was introduced in the 1980’s (Jasper 2003). Boyd Fales (1983 cited in McGuinness 2009) suggests that â€Å"learning from experience can be very personal and, because of this, the process of reflection must allow the individual to address all aspects of each situation encountered†. There are many types of reflective cycle and they are only there to offer a guide and format to reflection. Schon (1983) suggests that â€Å"we can engage in one of two ways; either by reflecting on action, after the experience, or by reflecting in action, during the experience†. I researched many different cycles before selecting the one I thought was right for me. I will explain 3 I could have chosen and then explain the cycle I used and why. Firstly is Gibbs model of reflection (1988) (appendix 1). The pros to using this method are that it is very simple and directional. It splits your work into 6 sections and gives you a very structured essay. However I find it does not give you much help as to what you need to include within your essay. It is very basic and does not expand upon each section. The second cycle is John’s model of reflection (1994) (appendix 2). This model also provides structure and more detailed information of what to include by prompting with suggestional questions. This being said, I found the questions to be a bit lengthy and over complicated reflective practice. The final model was Atkin’s and Murphy’s model of reflection (1994) (appendix 3) I thought that this model was very directional and to the point offering a 5-sectioned essay plan, however it was still too basic for my learning style and therefore I found it best not to use it. For the purpose and intent of this essay I shall be using Driscoll reflective framework (1994). The reason for this is that I found it the most suited for me to follow. His reflective cycle uses just three simple questions as the main body of the framework,  which are then expended upon in greater detail. Driscoll’s framework has since been updated in 2000 (appendix 4). Introduction This reflective essay is based on a negative experience I had as a student operating department practitioner while on placement in anaesthetics. My reason for choosing this experience is that I found it to be a very valuable way to learn what needs to be done in order to ensure the smooth running of an operating department. This particular experience had some good issues to explore. Throughout the duration of this essay I will be using fictitious names for all patients and staff in order to protect anonymity and confidentiality. This is in order to comply with the codes and conducts set out by the health professions council (HPC). Due to word limitation the main focus of this essay will be surrounding the first patient and the complications that arose prior to anaesthesia, such as communication, consent, allergies, and the importance of all of these things. What? a description of the event One morning I came into work and found out I was going to be involved in a urology list that involved 4 patients; 1 female and 3 males, all needing different urological procedures. You would have thought that after the lengthy pathway that a patient goes through before finally having their surgery, everything would run smoothly when getting to theatre. This was not the case on this particular morning. Not one patient was appropriately fit for surgery on that day. We were setting up our anaesthetic room for the morning list. Before sending for the patient you should always see both the anaesthetist and the surgeon, the reason for this is so that the patient is not sitting in the anaesthetic room for longer that they need to be as they may be extremely nervous. Typically theatre lists start at around 9am however on this particular day we had seen neither the anaesthetist nor surgeon so were unable to send for the first patient. At 9.05am the junior anaesthetist, Dr K, came in explaining she had seen the patients however we still had to wait as Dr F, the consultant anaesthetist, had to go and see the second patient on the list as there were concerns with proceeding with his surgery. After explaining this she then went on to brief us about the rest of the patients. The first patient was Mrs. G. Dr K informed us that  this patient told her that she has a latex allergy and comes out in welts when it touches her. It was questionable as to whether or not we should proceed with her surgery. The surgeon then phoned our theatre shouting at the staff, asking who it was that told everyone his patient was allergic to latex. This is because Mrs. G had now told the surgeon, Mr. B, that she did not have a latex allergy. Whilst on the phone Mr. B stated that he wanted the patient to be collected immediately for a prompt start as soon as he got down to theatre. Finally Mrs. G arrived in the anaesthetic room, however when I was running through the checklist with her, asking her several important questions, such as when was the last time you ate and drank, and obviously, do you have an allergies? To which she responded, yes, I am allergic to latex. We could have still cancelled the procedure however now she was in the anaesthetic room the anaesthetist and surgeon were both happy to proceed. This unfortunately was not the end of the complications with this patient’s procedure. When shown the consent form to confirm the surgery she was having done and that she had signed it herself previously that day, she was also consented for a cystoscopy, Mrs. G was unaware that she was also having this and when asked if she was aware of the procedure she told us that she did not know what a cystoscopy was, even though she had consented to the procedure. After finally checking in the patient and making sure she was comfortable and aware, we continued with the anaesthetic induction. So what? – an analysis of the event Whilst Dr K was explaining the complications with each patient I thought of how key communication is within a theatre team. Without that communication all of the patients could potentially have had further problems when finally arriving for their procedure, be it during induction, during surgery or in recovery. Communication is not just important between the staff, but as shown it is extremely important between healthcare workers and patients. For example, it should not have taken as long as it did for someone to find out that Mrs. G had a latex allergy. This should have been picked up during her pre assessment or even when she was admitted to the ward. When patients have an allergy they should always have an extra wristband stating their allergy. (Trust Policy 2010). Many patients suffer from fear and anxiety surrounding anaesthetic procedures, it is therefore important that a clear and effective  communication takes place between the anaesthetist and patient prior to coming to th eatre. If this is done correctly it increases patient compliance and satisfaction (Kindler et al 2005). The most effective form of communication is face to face however, there are many different ways this can be achieved, for example, written forms such as graphs and notes. There are also non verbal forms using body language and touch. It is vital that all patients understand what their procedure is, how it will be done, recovery rate and anaesthetic procedures, regardless of their mental competency. It is vital that you know how to communicate in different forms because every patient deals with stress and nervousness in their own way, some will come in and cant stop talking, some won’t say anything, others will be shaking and others may be experiencing some form of chest pains, low blood pressure and a very fast heart rate. Anxiety levels of patients are much higher when admitted to hospitals, this is believed to be due to the thought of the procedure/surgery and the fear of the pain they may feel post operatively (Clancey et al 2002). Communication between staff members, as well as patients, is continuous, from the moment they enter the hospital, to pre admission, the ward, theatres, recovery etc. All staff are there to aid the patient to a quick and effective recovery. When Mrs. G came down to theatre and was asked about her consent form, I found it appalling that she had not been given this effective communication as every patient is entitled to and deserves the best form of care possible. When consenting a patient, the Dr should inform the patient of the full procedure and explain any doubts, questions or worries that the patient may be feeling as well as explaining the full procedure to them. (Brigden 1998) In Mrs. G’s case this was not done therefore left her confused and slightly nervous. We explained the procedure to her and told her there was nothing to worry about and it was just a routine procedure that is done with the other. This leads me on to the issues surrounding informed consent. It is the legal and ethical right of a patient to direct what happens to their body. In order for their consent to be valid it must be voluntary and they must be considered mentally competent to make the decision. (Brigden 1998). In order for consent to be considered legal and valid it is essential that the patient be deemed competent to make the decision and their consent must be voluntary (Hind and Wicker 2000). When obtaining consent from patients it is essential  that you find out whether they have any individual needs and priorities, such as religions beliefs, occupation or other factors that may affect their treatment. For example, Jehovah witnesses will not accept any form of blood transfusion as it is not recognised in that religion. If however the patient is deemed to be incapable of making an informed decision under the mental capacity act e.g. they are unconscious, then it is not, as it is typically assumed, relatives or a care giver that has the right to give consent for them, but is generally two doctors that have the right to make the decision. (Radfo rd et al 2004). This being said in an emergency situation where consent can not be obtained, providing that the treatment necessary is directly linked with what needs to be done to ensure patients safety and health, then you can provide medical treatment to whoever may need it. If, for example, the patient has previously refused treatment and you are aware of this fact, but the case is now deemed emergent, you cannot proceed and must respect the patient’s previous wishes. Once the patient is stable and mentally aware, you must inform them of what has been done and make sure they understand fully. (Kinder et al 2005). Sadly Mrs. G was already nervous about her procedure before she found out she had been misinformed. Also discovering her latex allergy could cause complications to herself and her surgery increased anxiety when she arrived in the anaesthetic room. This sent her heart rate racing. It went from a normal steady 86 beats per minute (BPM) to an irregular 176 bpm. Luckily Dr F is an extremely calm and sensible consultant anaesthetist and knew exactly how to handle that situation in order to keep her calm and lower her heart rate. All of these things should have been explained to her prior to her surgery, or better still prior to her attendance of the hospital. After I reassured her of what she was having done and had held her hand for a while, she finally understood and calmed down, therefore allowing us to proceed. This made me think of how people cope with stress and anxiety, and it showed me that everyone deals with things differently, just by explaining what was happening and having bodily contact with Mrs. G helped her greatly. She was very thankful and happy with the level of care she received in the anaesthetic room. After the list had finished I started to wonder why the world health organisation checklist (W.H.O) was not co mpleted. The W.H.O checklist should be completed at 3 stages during each operation; prior to  anaesthetic induction known as sign in, immediately after induction or just before the incision of skin time out, and finally once the operation is complete before going to recovery sign out. (World Alliance for Patient Safety 2008). One of the questions asked is ‘does the patient have any allergies?’. If the team had completed the checklists prior to the start of the list then the complications should have been located and would have meant that they would be dealt with accordingly. For example, the issues surrounding Mrs. G’s latex allergy would have been able to be avoided if we had known before she was due to come down. It is vital that patients with latex hypersensitivity must go first, in a theatre that has had all latex products removed. It is trust policy that the theatre must be latex free for at least 1-2 hours. As none of this was done it was very questionable as to whether this patient could have her surgery or not. We informed the theatre floor person, who agreed that she thought the risk was too great as patients allergic to latex can go into anaphylaxis. These can all be incredibly dangerous when under anaesthesia. She told us that if the surgeon and anaesthetist decided to proceed then we should complete an incident report form, just in case any reaction was to occur throughout the procedure. Now what? – proposed actions following the event After looking into the aspects of this experience I have found it very useful in furthering my skills and knowledge into becoming an operating department practitioner. The issues surrounding informed consent, patient anxiety, communication between staff members as well as the patients and the surgical safety checklist are all linked together in one way or another. Had all of these been carried out correctly the list would more than likely ran smoothly. However there is no sure fire way to guarantee something else would not have occurred hindering us further. I can use the information I have researched in practice as I now have a better understanding of how the peri-operative department should work. Each member of the team should ensure that these issues are dealt with at the time they arise. They should not be passed around from person to person. It is the staff’s responsibility to make sure the standards and expectations are maintained. Each patient has the right to their own dignity and modesty and should all be treated with respect. Treat patients how you would wish to be treated if you were having  surgery. Each hospital has a set of trust policies that should be adhered to, it is expected that any new members of staff read them so that they are aware of the procedures and standards that should be met. Information about the NHS and its practices can be found in vast quantities in libraries or on the internet. This is also there to provide support and assistance to further your knowledge and ensure correct procedures are carried out. The points previously discussed are just some of the reason it is vital that reflection is so important to health care professionals, it is essential for maintaining a high standard of care.

Internet Laws :: essays research papers

Internet Laws There are a lot of debates dealing with laws concerning the Internet. Privacy and censorship are just two of the main points of argument. While searching through this information, I found it difficult to actually find new laws concerning the Internet. There are many ongoing debates that I am sure will reach legislation. I found the CNN website to be the most help. I used other search engines, such as Google and AllTheWeb, but I mostly got personal websites about their own opinions. I would suggest that someone really researching this subject should take the time and really look through Supreme Court documents and legislation. That way you wouldn’t miss anything. I wasn’t very successful in my searching, but here are the ones I managed to find. In San Francisco, California, Internet filters designed to keep pornography away from children were banned at city libraries despite a federal law mandating them. San Francisco's Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to ban the filters from library computers, a move that could cost the city $20,000 in federal funds. The board left it up to the Library Commission to decide whether to install filtering software in children's areas. The Children's Internet Protection Act, passed in April, requires libraries to install the software by 2003. The $20,000 the city might not get would be a tiny portion of its $50 million annual library budget. There is Legislation under consideration in the United States Congress to combat terrorism will treat low-level computer crimes as terrorist acts and threaten hackers with life imprisonment, according to officials of the civil liberties group Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). EFF says the Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) will add low-level computer intrusion (already a crime under other laws) to the list of "federal terrorism offenses," creating penalties of up to life imprisonment. The act will also add broad pre-conviction asset seizure powers and serious criminal threats to those who "materially assist" or "harbor" individuals suspected of causing minimal damage to networked computers.

Evaluating China’s one child Policy Essay

During the 1970s, China felt the indenting need for a drastic policy that would be able to control its ever-expanding population and to begin development in its country and thus the one child policy was born, if the policy had not been instituted china would have faced severe famine and starvation as it would not have been able to cope with rapid growth. The policy was administrated in September 1981 and they called it ‘birth planning’ by which families were given a maximum limit of one child per family however in rural areas, couples were allowed to have two children and this was to help need on agricultural land and farming; those who try to breach this law would face severe consequences. The policy was considered as one of history’s ‘most ambitious pieces of social engineering’ as quoted from The Economist since the policy heavily intervened with families plans for the future and affected how most chines families would function in terms of having children. The policy governed by the Chinese government was said not to last no longer than a single generation and yet here in 2013, the policy still continues to proceed and there are little or no signs of a new policy or removal of this policy from the country. Administration Of Policy The policy in china was very drastic and therefore it contained many punishments for anyone who tried to breach the policy and the government also deployed many forces of administration to make sure that people were being monitored and that no one was trying for a second child. There were family-planning workers in every single workplace to grant families the ability to have a child if they had been on the waiting list and also at this point the couple would be presented with a special card which gives them authority to claim governmental benefits such as free education, free kindergarten facilities, free healthcare etc. on birth of the child. Police called the ‘granny police’, who were not actual police but represented the role of making sure woman were practicing using contraception and to had the objective of reporting on pregnancies so that the local authority would be able to work out whether a family is trying to have a second child illegally. Female women were also given education on the use of contraception and this was to try minimising the amount of unexpected pregnancies. Family planning officials levy huge fines of up to ? 20,000 from those who try to have a second child and this fine account for the estimated value of public services that the forbidden child would have received over its lifetime. Furthermore, in some areas the couple would have been stripped of their house, jobs and even the ability to live in a particular area of the country. Also in earlier time they would have been forfeited their rations and clothing benefits. Furthermore, women would have been given forced steralisations or contraceptive pills and their chances of being able to have children ever again would be removed if they were found guilty of trying to have a second child and this would impose that they would never be able to have a child even if they decide to migrate to another country. This kind of steralisations was only existent in certain provinces of China and it is currently completely abolished from all parts of china as it was considered to unforgiving for a punishment. Changes Generated by The One Child Policy. Without need to say, the obvious: the one child policy had caused a drop in the fertility rate in China. From the starting point of the policy in 1981 to now the birth rate has dropped from an above average 2. 9 to 1. 7 and this has lead to understand that the policy was successful and that it has tackled one of the country’s main concern which is an ever-expanding population. Furthermore, this drop has claimed to prevent up to 400 million births, which would otherwise have kept China’s population at 1. 7 billion currently compared to the 1. 3 billion that it actually is today. However, despite showing a drop in birth rate after the beginning of this policy, there are statistics that show that China’s fertility rates fell drastically during the 1970s and that the policy did not influence the drop in birth rates much. This suggests that the fertility rate was naturally decreasing so there was no need for the policy. This suggests that the policy did not control the country’s population greatly because the fertility rates had dropped severely just before the commencement of the policy. Therefore the implementation of such a severe policy has now indented Chinese people’s concept of families and even if the policy was to be removed people will still continue to have few children and this would not have been the case if fertility rates were allowed to naturally decrease to make the population eventually stable much alike how most other countries have progressed through the demographic transition such as Russia, Germany and Japan. The rapid fall in fertility rate just before the one child policy is clearly shown in the graph that is on the previous page; the graph was taken from the GapMinder webpage which holds information about the world demographic and thus is very reliable. Another negative impact of the one child policy was a case of female infanticide. In fact, this is an interesting concern as it has lead to china presenting a population where there are about 120 Chinese men for every 100 Chinese women and thus there is a shortage of women. There was a severe amount of female infanticide for several reasons. Firstly a male child was seen as more superior for the use on farmland and for the use on agricultural land as men were seen as stronger characters compared to women. Secondly, only the male would be able to carry forward the family name and in China there was a great cultural desire to carry forward a family name to keep the family advancing through generations. Finally, men are usually the main income-earners, either because they are more employable or earn higher wages for the same work, or because they are able to do more agricultural work in subsistence economies. Since male babies have a greater income potential, they are more desired over females and thus female births were usually abandoned or killed. There are some stories of extreme discomfort where female babies have been flushed down toilets and drowned, as they were not considered valuable to Chinese family. Furthermore, the shortage of females in China has lead to a generation where there are â€Å"too many men†, and this was caused by the desire to have a male child in the family. The result of the one child policy has meant that there are 1000 million women whom would else be existent if the policy wasn’t introduced and thus this social engineering has converted the a balanced gender country into an imbalanced country with more men. This has lead to desire to import woman known as human trafficking where women are smuggled using from Burma and North Korea and the women are used as prostitutes or sold as wives and domestic servants in parts of china. This is a negative outcome of the policy by which women are used inappropriately and are illegally imported from other countries. Furthermore, it is expected that by the year 2030 there could be up to 20-30million bachelors in chine whom are unable to find a partner and this would further increase the desire and temptation to want female prostitutes and this will create an illegal transportation of women to china from neighboring countries. Another disadvantage of the policy is that a generation of not enough children is developing in china and this results in not enough children to look after parents which could mean that the country could grow old before it is able to develop it’s economy and becoming rich by limiting the mouths to feed as it is trying to do so using the one child policy. In china this lack of children is called the ‘4-2-1’ dilemma and as The Economist suggests this is where each couple has the job of looking after four parents and one child. This creates a dilemma as the couple’s parents become aged and need the help of the couple and thus the couple have the cost of having to look after their parents all on their own as they would not have any siblings and thus china has created a problem for families trying to develop as they will have a shortage of money to spend elsewhere in the economy to try boost the countries development stage. The imbalanced structure of china’s population also hints that the working force will come to an end by 2020 and therefore this would mean that the country would not be able to further develop and this has again raised pressure on the Chinese government to introduce further amendments to the one child policy. For example, Hu Jintao suggested allowing more than one birth but between longer gaps and also the scrapping of the birth quota so that couples could still have a child even if the maximum number of children in a certain area is reached. This would help to regain a large population of workers in the future generation to continue with the countries development without having to deal with another expanding population. The article presented by The Economist has dealt with many defects of the one child policy including the extortionate amount of female infanticide, the illegal need for a second child, female imports, ‘4-2-1’ issue and the fact that the country could have still developed without the policy as statistics showed that fertility rates were naturally decreasing as people become more educated and this would therefore have reduced to country’s large population and allowed the country to develop as the government would have to feed fewer people and also if the policy had not been introduced there would not be effects one some females lives who have been sterilized permanently after the birth of the first child because this would prevent the mother from having another child ever. Also, the Chinese government are now unable to scrape the policy because they have not alternatives that could be administrated on the scale of the one child policy and therefore the government suggests ‘we will stick to the family-planning policy for decades’ and this implies that the removal of the policy would have a considerate difference on China’s population and that it could possibly improve the gender imbalance which is not of great interest to china as demographers suggest the removal of the policy would suggest a rapid increase in population once again and this would mean that the country would not be able to achieve its goal which is to become a well developed country with a high GDP. The charts below show what would happen to china’s population and its structure by 2050 if the policy was to be removed and as the first graph clearly suggests, the one child policy has been heavily successful in maintaining a smaller population and emphasis should be placed on the fact it is just a smaller population. Although, the population is smaller the structure of the population between men and women and groups of elderly, working class as well as those under 15 is highly imbalanced and as the chart on the right clearly imposes, if the policy was removed the demographic structure will become more balanced once again.

Aztec and Inca Dbq

Aztec & Inca DBQ The Aztec and Inca were two very advanced cultural societies for being on of the early civilizations of Central America. These Empires maintained a high level of cultural development due to their social, architectural, and religious aspects. Additional documents that would have aided the explanation of these cultures would be from a priest and his role was a significant part in the community as well as from an architect or constructor, to describe some of the obstacles they needed to surpass in order to erect the magnificent buildings and temples.The social effects of the Aztec & Incan Empires clearly emphasized the superb cultural development that occurred there (documents 1,6,7,8,10,11). The Mendoza Codex exhibits the daily activities and customs of the Aztec realm (doc. 1). It depicts the type of work depending on gender roles, in which men performed more of the hunting activities and the women were taught how to work with crafts. The picture also shows how the ol der generations taught their young the new techniques and traditions. (Insert authors’ pov/bias here). The page from the Codex Mendoza shows the advanced marketplaces they had because of the great variety of goods (doc. ). The numerous manufactured wares also show the type of work and materials that were needed to be done in order to produce the items. (Insert authors’ pov/bias here). In the memoirs of the conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo, he describes the quality and vast amounts of goods sold at the Aztec marketplace (doc. 7). He takes not of how the items were displayed and the policies that enforced order throughout the market. However, he does show bias because he compared the Aztec marketplace to that of Portugal, and is truly only interested in gold, silver and slaves.He was also surprised by the way the slaves were able to walk around the city without being restrained. The photograph of the Chinampa system shows the importance of the agricultural method as well as how the geography of the area promoted its use (doc. 8). From the lake dredged islands, much force needed to be exerted by the workers in order to harvest the crops. Although a laboring job, the fields reaped great benefits since they produced seven crops per year. This amount contributed to a mixed diet, which led to better health and a greater population. (Insert authors’ pov/bias here).The picture of the Incan bridge shows the intercommunication between people from different parts of the area to do so with ease (doc. 10). The bridges not only encouraged communication between peoples, but also to aid them form gathering crops from one side of the area to the other, and to increase trade between the two parts of the Incan Empire. (Insert authors’ pov/bias here). The picture from the First New Chronicle and Good Government, illustrated by Felipe Guanan Poma de Ayala, depicts the wide use and dependence on quipu to govern the Incan Empire (doc. 1). This mneumon ic device allowed for rulers and imperial officials to keep track of various statistics including agricultural products, and debts owed by the people. (Insert authors’ pov/bias here). Architecture also contributed to the stimulation of culture in the central American societies (documents 2,9,10,13). The photograph of the carved glyph on the Tenayuca Pyramid in Mexico City exhibits the skill and precision that architects had in constructing a building (doc. 2).Although all these sculptors had were rocks to carve into the rock, they did so in a way that was very proficient and showed their expertise in architecture. (Insert authors’ pov/bias here). The twelve cornered stone, shows the great amount of skill and effort the Incan architects had and needed in order to make such reliable and dependable walls (doc. 9) . The walls are of quality strength because they have lasted from the day they were built up until now without the use of any mortar, just the precise aligning o f carved rocks. (Insert authors’ pov/bias here).Apart from architecture, the Incan engineers built reliable bridges, just like the one that still stands today (doc. 10). This shows the expertise in bridge – making as well as how the bridge could have helped architects build their structures, by using the bridge to cross over the chasm and retrieve rocks that could be used as carving rocks or as building materials. The photograph of Machu Picchu shows the great amount of effort and skill required to create a society that could be depended on and maintained in the mountains (doc. 13). (Insert authors’ pov/bias here).The Incan architects truly show their might with this one, all buildings and structures were put together from hand carved rocks without the use of mortar. The builders also had to create a way for the city to not fall down, which also took much thought and skill. Lastly, religion was a great supporter for the cultural development in the Aztec and Inca n Empires (documents 3,4,5, 12). The civil calendar used by the Aztecs shows the sophistication and complexity of activities throughout the course of the year, and how they paid close attention to religious ceremonies and the agricultural cycle (doc. 3).In this society the gods needed to be worshipped in order to produce great and bountiful harvests, so the veneration of goods was a necessity. (Insert authors’ pov/bias here). The chart describes the rituals that were associated for each month of the year and how it coincided with the Aztec calendar (doc. 4). The chart shows the intense religious devotion of many gods through ways of sacrificing people of certain age groups for each month. (Insert authors’ pov/bias here). The photograph from the Florentine Codex by Friar Bernadino, exhibits the great sacrificial society of the Mexica people (doc 5).This document shows bias because to the people of Central America, human sacrifice is part of their religion and way of wor shiping their gods and giving their offerings, while to a Franciscan monk who is a Christian begger, these ways are seen as heretic and the citizens are considered savages. The first new chronicle and good government by Felipe Guaman Panade Ayala exhibits the great devotion of Incas and their leaders to their sun god (doc. 12). They were strictly believers of the sun god and many other gods and since the document was written by someone who is of Incan descent, it shows bias.He sees the kings rejection to the Christian missionary Fray Vincente, as an act of great courage, loyalty, and devotion to his god, and is seen as a religious figure to other followers of the sun god. All in all, despite some of the Aztec's and Inca's outdated technology methods, and tools, they were at quite an advanced level of cultural development. Together the social, architectural, and religious aspects contributed to these successful societies. This essay receives a score of 9! It covers all requirements.

The American Economy in the 1920s Was a Bubble Destined to Burst Essays

The American Economy in the 1920s Was a Bubble Destined to Burst Essays The American Economy in the 1920s Was a Bubble Destined to Burst Essay The American Economy in the 1920s Was a Bubble Destined to Burst Essay â€Å"The Economy of 1920’s America was a bubble destined to burst† The statement that the economy of 1920’s American was a bubble destined to burst is thoroughly correct. The uprising issues of Protectionism, weak industries, weak banks, overproduction of goods and an uneven distribution of wealth meant that America was in a vicious spending spree that could only be broken by the 1929 Wall Street Crash. When one thinks of an economic depression, one first considers the banks and how they were linked to the said crash. The banks in the case of the Depression were closely related to the Wall Street Crash. In the 1920’s banks weren’t the large networks that they are today, so when they went bankrupt, there was nothing to fall back on. Banks had also loaned out far too much money keep a stable economic flow. Many Americans also decided to join in on the share market game in hopes of living out the American Dream in a â€Å"get rich quick† manner and were borrowing huge amounts of money to invest, often in an uneducated manner. As this was continuing, banks were making it possible to borrow huge sums of money and the government, still stuck in its belief of Laisseize Fare- that is, that the government would simply let the economy sort itself out without any government intervention. With this flimsy and unstable system of banking- there was bound to be a huge economic impact such as the crash. After the atrocities of World War 1, America decided it’s safest way to keep out of global issues and wars was to focus on being a self-serving country run on the idea of Protectionism. The key act of Protectionism was that tariffs were placed on imported goods, thus making American products much more appealing to its citizens. This also created a huge economic flowing acting almost exclusively nationally. However the notion of Protectionism became detrimental to America as 23 countries soon placed tariffs on American exports that were already seen as luxuries by other countries. It could be said that most other long term causes of the crash of the American economy simply snowballed off the issue of protectionism. One of the largest of these was over production. As American export rates came down, the country was met with the newfound issue of overproduction. As sales for products such as cars dropped dramatically (how many new cars could one family need? ) America still did not stop making them. There were now warehouses full of products that were either un-wanted or that couldn’t be afforded. Soon enough, many companies began to close down in a domino ffect, leaving only the products necessary to live as a profitable part of the economy. The issue of overproduction is closely linked to the un-even distribution of wealth in America. As there were only a select few who could afford to buy the luxury items companies were trying to sell, and because of the tariffs now placed on American goods, there were no exports. As 5% of the country’s population held a massive 30% of the wealth, that too was far too unstable to continue. Thus proving that the American economy was in fact, a bubble destined to burst. The final factors of the economic crash of 1929 are closely linked. The cotton, farming and railroad industries being far weaker than they seemed and the instant panic when there was any cause for concern by the American people were both such issues because of lassiz fare and the conservative government not being willing to back down on this that the economy ended up in a crisis. There were low wages for people industrial workers and farmers- (ironically enough the jobs that could have saved the economy) yet Americans were encouraged to have the highest faith in the farming, cotton and railroad industries. In 1929- the year of the crash, President Hoover himself said that America could expect a â€Å"financial triumph over property†. It was due to this huge faith and over confidence in the economy that the panic when things went a little haywire Americans were in such shock that all they wanted to do was sell their shares and get their money back. This of course was just making matters worse for themselves and their country. It is because of these factors, that it is indeed obvious that America in the 1920’s was simply a bubble destined to burst. There were too many half-thought-out ideas put into immediate motion and the lack of communication or assistance from the American government lead to the three factors that made the American crash inevitable.

Learn More About Bilateral Symmetry

Learn More About Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral symmetry is the arrangement of an organisms body parts into left and right halves on either side of a central axis, or plane. Essentially, if you draw a line from the head to the tail of an organism or a plane both sides are mirror images. In that case, the organism exhibits bilateral symmetry. Bilateral symmetry is also known as plane symmetry as one plane divides an organism into mirrored halves. The term bilateral has roots in Latin with bis  (two) and  latus  (side). The word symmetry is derived from the Greek words  syn  (together) and  metron  (meter). Most animals on the planet exhibit bilateral symmetry. This includes human beings, as our bodies can be cut down the middle and have mirrored sides. In the marine biology field, many students will study this when they begin learning about classifying marine life. Bilateral vs. Radial Symmetry Bilateral symmetry differs from radial symmetry. In that case, the radially symmetric organisms are similar to a pie shape, where each piece is nearly identical though they do not have left or right sides; instead, they have a top and bottom surface. Organisms that exhibit radial symmetry include aquatic cnidarians, including corals. It also includes jellyfish and sea anemones. Dchinoderms  are another group that includes sand dollars, sea urchins, and starfish; meaning they have a five-point radial symmetry.   Traits of Bilaterally Symmetrical Organisms Organisms that are bilaterally symmetrical demonstrate a head and a tail (anterior and posterior) regions, a top and a bottom (dorsal and ventral), as well as left and right sides. Most of these animals have a complex brain in their heads, which are part of their nervous systems. Typically, they move more quickly than animals that do not demonstrate bilateral symmetry. They also tend to have improved eyesight and hearing capabilities compared to those that have radial symmetry. Mostly all marine organisms,  including all vertebrates  and some invertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical. This includes marine mammals such as dolphins and whales, fish, lobsters, and sea turtles. Interestingly, some animals have one type of body symmetry when they are first life forms, but they develop differently as they grow.   There is one marine animal that does not display symmetry at all: Sponges. These organisms are multicellular but are the only classification of animals that are asymmetrical. They do not show any symmetry at all. That means there is no place in their bodies where you could drive a plane into cut them in half and see mirrored images.

Business Law Rubric 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law Rubric 2 - Essay Example In each and every country, there are legal requirements that ought to be met in the construction industry in order to ensure that there is compliance with standard expectations of buildings. A building inspector is tasked with ensuring that all the buildings under construction pass various tests in their construction stages to ensure that they are safe to the people (Mallor, 1012). Legally, building inspectors are tasked by the department of construction in local governments to ensure that they inspect all the buildings to see if they comply with safety regulation stipulated by the law. A building inspector is mainly concerned with ensuring that illegal structures are not erected since these can pose a safety threat to the people. Municipalities are often responsible for overseeing all the construction work since they deal with issues related to local governments. The building inspector gives advice to the property owners about the steps that can be taken to ensure that all construction work is in compliance with the expected standards. The interviewee is a potential candidate to work as a building inspector and this interview has been designed to get more details about how he views this career. As such, the interview has been designed to get more perceptions about this profession from the candidate. How the job is related to the law -The bank loan officers are compelled by the law to act within certain parameters to ensure that they do not violate the rules and regulations that are expected in this area. This career is related to the law since it is stipulated in the constitution all banks should act within a specific legal framework. A bank loan officer is responsible for vetting loan applicants to see if they meet all the requirements or if they have not been declared insolvent at one time (Cillers, 218). A bank loan officer is expected to verify all the documents possessed by the applicant to establish if he qualifies for the loan. In

Out of Africa, Biological Adam and Eve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Out of Africa, Biological Adam and Eve - Essay Example All that we know about Adam and Eve is that they were the first human beings on earth. They were banished from heaven and sent to earth as punishment. Human brain inquires many questions over this small statement. Is this a true tale? Were Adam and Eve really the first human beings? If they were punished or banished from heaven then why are we here? And, is this all a punishment? Theology and science have been into cold war on these topics from the very beginning. This is because science accepts logic and evidences however, religion expects one to believe in whatever is told without any doubts. The aspects of the existence of universe and that of mankind are discussed side by side in this assignment. Adam and Eve are the first two human beings i.e. male and female, created by God. He wanted them to live in heaven and gave them superiority over the other creations of His. He made every possible luxury available to them but ordered them to avoid only one thing. He ordered them to stay away from one tree. That tree is termed as tree of knowledge which contained the knowledge of evil and good in it. Some mythological tales state that the tree of knowledge had â€Å"apples† on it. Satan misguided Eve and made her go near the tree. She being the only companion of Adam convinced him to accompany her. On this act God became angry with them and banished them from garden of heaven. He expelled them from heaven and made them spend their lives on earth. Also, he did not keep their lives free of tension or evil. It is in many mythological tales that God made humans suffer by giving women childbirth pain and by making men face the hardships of earning livelihood and farming etc. It is also found in historic writings and theological information that they were expelled to earth and sent to Africa. This tale is what we all know but how we are connected to Adam and Eve and how our roots connect with Africa is still a mystery. There are many paintings made by people of dif ferent faith over this incident. They all tell something different yet all are common at the point of naming both the humans as Adam and Eve. The topic under discussion throws light over Adam and Eve existence, their expulsion from heaven, their lives on earth, their multiplication and migration. Bombarded with philosophy, theology and science, the questions of human race existence are answered to unravel the facts unknown to most of our generation. Part. 2: Out of Africa, Biological Adam and Eve Adam and Eve were the first human couple due to which we are here today. This is the little piece of information we all have. There are numerous things dwelling between the above mentioned two simple lines. Let us discuss the religious, scientific and logical aspects of this simple story which starts becoming complex as we analyze its different aspects. 2.1 Religious Aspect about the existence of Adam and Eve According to the religious perspective, Adam and Eve were meant to live in Eden an d enjoy God’s bounties without having any unfulfilled desire. God created every luxury in heaven for them. He gave them superiority over other beings and excused them from the hardships of life (House and Grover, 2009, pp.31-36). House and Grover (2009, pp.32) state that Mattew Henry exemplified Eve to be created from Adam’s rib because God did not want him to live alone. The woman created from the rib has the logical justification of not to rule over man, be by his side for his support, to be guarded and loved.